History  of  the 

A.  & G.  W.  R. 


Address  of  Marvin  Kent  at  Fifth 
Annual  Reunion  of  Old  A.  & G. 
W.  Employes,  Randolph  Park, 
near  Kent,  O.,  Aug.  26,  '99. 


35^ 


Address  of  Marvin  Kent  at  Fifth 
Annual  Reunion  of  Old  A,  & G. 
W.  Employes,  Randolph  Park, 
near  Kent,  O.,  Aug.  26,  f99. 


\ 


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Mr.  President,  ladies  and  gentlemen  : 

Prior  to  the  year  1847  the  Cleveland 
& Pittsburg  Railroad  was  projected,  at 
which  date  active  steps  were  taken  for 
its  construction  and  efforts  were  made 
by  leading  citizens  of  Kent  (then  known 
as  the  village  of  Franklin,)  to  secure  its 
location,  and  a large  subscription  to  its 
capital  stock  was  obtained  and  tendered 
to  that  company,  which  would  no  doubt 
have  been  satisfactory  to  them.  But  as 
some  of  the  directors  and  principal  offi- 
cers were  residents  of  Ravenna,  which 
was  our  rival  town,  their  efforts  and  in- 
fluence were  used  to  defeat  our  interests 
as  well  as,  I believe,  the  best  interests 
of  the  C.  & P.  Railroad  Co.  Thus  de- 
feated, the  following  winter  we  applied 
to  the  legislature  for  a plank  road  char- 
ter. This  was  also  defeated  through  in- 
trigue of  the  same  influence.  At  the 
next  session  of  the  legislature  we  applied 
aud  secured  a railroad  charter,  and  to 
cover  our  plans  a bill  was  drafted  and 
introduced  uuder  the  name  and  style  of 
the  Coal  Hill  R.  R.  Co.  Upon  the  last 
reading  of  the  bill  the  name  was  chang- 
ed to  the  Franklin  & Warren  R.  R., 
pretending  that  it  was  to  construct  a 
branch  road  from  the  C.  & P.  R.  R.  to 
the  coalfields  in  Tallmadge,  O.,  and 
otherwise. 

The  scheme  was  a success  and  the 
charter  became  a law  March  10,  1851. 
The  subscription  books  were  soon 
opened,  but  the  charter  required  an  orig- 
inal subscription  of  $20,000  to  the  capi- 
tal stock.  There  being  no  one  willing 
to  invest  in  the  undertaking];  subscribed 
the  whole  Amount  myself,  and  others 
subscribed  oue  share  each  to  make 
themselves  eligible  as  directors,  two  of 
which  I assumed  the  payment  of  their 
subscriptions.  Thus  far  the  require- 
ments of  the  law  were  supplied,  and  on 
the  19th  day  of  June,  1851,  a board  of 
directors  was  chosen,  and  finding  no 
suitable  person  who  was  willing  to  as- 
sume the  responsibilities  of  the  office  of 
president,  I was  chosen,  and  immediate- 
ly entered  upon  its  duties  and  require- 
ments, and  after  spending  much  time 


in  the  work  of  presenting  my  projected 
road  to  parties  interested  in  New  York 
Oity  and  elsewhere,  without  receiving 
much  substantial  encouragement,  but 
obtaining  much  information,  I contin- 
ued my  efforts  aud  found  that  certain 
steps  were  necessary  to  secure  confidence 
aud  credit  in  the  enterprise.  I finally 
succeeded,  the  result  of  which  is  herein- 
after set  forth. 

The  assemblage  of  the  late  employees 
of  the  old  and  original  Atlantic  & Great 
Western  Railroad  is  an  event  of  the 
most  interesting  character,  not  only  to 
the  employees  themselves,  but  to  the 
originator  and  promotors  of  the  project, 
which  latter  I regard  highly  compli- 
mentary to  them.  While  most  of  the 
original  promotors  of  that  great  work 
have  passed  away,  there  are  a few  yet 
living.  Among  those  most  conspicuous 
may  be  named  William  Reynolds,  of 
Meadville,  Pa.,  who  was  the  first  presi- 
dent of  the  A.  & G.  W.  R.  R.,  of  Pa. 
and  the  A.  & G.  W.  R.  R.  in  N.  Y. 

The  incorporation  of  the  former  com- 
pany was  secured  May  20,  1857,  under 
the  name  and  style  of  the  Meadville 
Railroad  Go.  and  approved  by  the  Gov- 
ernor of  that  state  July  3,  1857,  the 
name  of  which  was  afterwards  changed 
by  the  same  authority  April  15,  1858,  to 
that  of  the  Atlantic  & Great  Western 
Railroad  Co.,  of  Pa.,  and  William  Rey- 
nolds was  as  above  stated,  chosen  its 
president. 

The  organization  of  the  &.  & G.  W. 
R.  R.  Co.  in  N.  Y.  was  completed  May 
17,  1859,  aud  certified  to  by  the  secretary 
of  state  of  the  state  of  New  York  on  the 
18th  day  of  May,  1860.  But  the  under- 
signed was  the  originator  and  projector 
of  the  entire  line  from  Salamanca, N.  Y. 
to  Dayton,  O.,  and  drafted  and  obtained 
the  charter  for  the  Ohio  portion  of  the 
road,  which  became  a law  March  10, 
1851,  and  was  chosen  its  first  president 
June  19, 1851,  at  which  date  its  organi- 
zation was  completed  aud  with  the  ex- 
ception of  an  interval  of  about  three 
years  was  continued  its  president  un- 
til Sept.  30,  1864. 


The  question  of  procuring  legal  au- 
thority to  construct  a railroad  through 
the  state  of  Pennsylvania,  to  connect 
with  another  railroad  in  the  state  of 
New  York,  by  which  a connection  with 
the  Erie  R.  R.  was  to  be  accomplished, 
greatly  embarrassed  the  prospects  of  the 
enterprise,  but  this  embarrassment  was 
finally  in  a raauner  removed,  through 
the  efforts  and  at  the  instance  of  the  A. 
& G.  W.  R.  R.,  of  Ohio,  and  its  friends, 
by  an  arrangement  with  Henry  A. 
Kent,  of  N.  Y.,  and  John  P.  Reznor,  of 
Cincinnati,  O.,  and  their  associates 
who  were  empowered  to  purchase  a 
majority  of  the  capital  stock  of  the 
Pittsburg  and  Erie  R.  R.  Co.,  which 
contained  branching  powers  sufficient 
to  span  that  state. 

This  purchase  was  accomplished  Jan- 
uary 1,  1853,  and  on  April  26,  1853,  a 
contract  was  entered  into  with  J.  Cham 
berlain  & Oo.  for  its  construction. 

There  were  many  other  factors  which 
contributed  to  the  achievement  and 
final  construction  of  the  A.  & G.  W. 
R.  R.  Among  the  most  important  was 
to  secure  an  adequate  subscription  to 
the  capital  stock  of  the  compauy  at  the 
different  points  along  the  line  of  the 
road.  By  a conference  with  railroad 
men  and  capitalists  it  was  thought 
necessary  to  obtain  a stock  subscription 
of  about  one  million  dollars  which 
amount  it  was  thought  would  establish 
sufficient  basis  to  warrant  the  sale  of 
its  first  mortgage  bonds  at  par  and  be 
sufficient  to  pay  for  the  right  of  way 
and  prepare  the  road-bed  for  the  super- 
structure between  Dayton,  O , and  the 
Pennsylvania  line,  which  sum  it  was 
also  thought  would  create  a basis  suf- 
ficient to  insure  the  construction  of  the 
road  between  these  two  points. 

After  extraordinary  efforts  by  the  offi- 
cers and  directors  of  the  A.  & G.  W.  R. 
R.,  of  Ohio,  and  the  citizens  along  the 
liue,  almost  unexampled  success  reward- 
ed their  efforts,  by  which  a subscription 
to  the  capital  stock  of  the  company  of 
about  $900,000  was  secured,  which  was 
regarded  a sufficient  basis  on  which  to 


commence  active  operations.  Accord- 
ingly the  engineer  in-chief  of  the  com- 
pany was  instructed  to  locate  aud  pre- 
pare the  road  bed  from  Dayton  to  the 
Pennsylvania  State  line  for  its  super- 
structure, which  being  accomplished, 
the  work  was  advertised  for  construc- 
tion aud  bids  were  received  therefor, 
after  which  it  was  found  that  Henry 
Doolittle,  of  Dayton,  a popular  contrac- 
tor who  was  associated  with  Messrs  J. 
and  S.  Chamberlain,  of  Cleveland,  aud 
Robert  M.  Shoemaker,  of  Cincinnati, 
had  furnished  the  best  and  most  favora- 
ble bid  for  the  work,  consequently  a 
contract  was  entered  into  Juue, 1853, with 
Mr.  Doolittle  awarding  him  the  contract 
for  the  grading  and  preparing  the  road 
bed  for  the  superstructure  and  other 
work  of  the  entire  liue  in  the  State  of 
Ohio.  Accordingly,  on  the  4th  day  of 
J uly,  1853,  I had  the  pleasure  of  remov- 
ing the  first  shovel  full  of  earth  on  the 
line  at  Kent,  O.,  aud  thereafter  the 
work  progressed  rapidly  for  a limited 
period,  and  until  about  forty-five  per 
cent. of  the  grading  was  done  and  as  was 
anticipated  iu  the  early  days  of  the  en- 
terprise, and  during  the  active  progress 
of  the  work,  further  subscriptions  to  the 
capital  stock  of  the  company  were  se- 
cured in  various  ways,  so  that  with  that 
previously  obtained  the  whole  amount 
reached  the  sum  of  $1,038,930.  It  will 
be  seen  that  the  compauy  had  secured  its 
full  anticipations.  But  soon  after  these 
successful  accomplishments  a great  and 
almost  unprecedented  stringency  in  the 
money  market  occurred,  and  at  the  same 
time  an  unusually  severe  drouth  visited 
the  entire  country. 

Both  combined,  caused  a great  de- 
pression in  railroad  stocks,  bonds  aud 
other  securities.  This  with  the  repudia- 
tion of  a large  proportion  of  the  stock- 
holders to  pay  theii  installments,  caused 
a suspension  of  the  work.  Consequently 
from  this  time  on,  until  1862,  but  little 
work  was  done.  But,  during  the  inter- 
im, efforts  were  beiug  constantly  made 
to  secure  the  means  from  other 
sources  to  complete  the  work. 


Previous  to  this  and  down  to  the  re- 
sumption of  the  work,  the  affairs  of  the 
company  were  maintained  by  the  indi- 
vidual support  of  the  president  and  his 
friends,  and  associates,  among  whom  no 
one  was  intitled  to  greater  credit  than 
Henry  A.  Kent,  of  New  York  City. 

Through  my  connection  with  the  old 
Franklin  Bank,  of  Portage  county,  the 
predecessor  of  the  present  Kent  Nation- 
al Bank,  of  Kent,  O.,  a debt  was  creat- 
ed, which  when  paid,  with  the  interest 
thereon,  amounted  to  about  the  sum  of 
$70,000.  My  father  being  president  of 
the  bank  at  the  time,  he  and  other  lead- 
ing stockholders  of  that  institution  look- 
ed upon  this  indebtedness  as  a bad  debt-, 
and  I was  personally  charged  with  being 
its  author,  which  was  a sore  reflection 
iipon  me. 

My  own  liabilities  for  the  benefit  of 
the  A.  & G.  W.  were  such,  that  when 
defaulted,  the  sheriff  made  me  a visit 
and  levied  upon  every  foot  of  real  estate 
that  I then  owned.  But  it  being  then 
valued  at  nearly  seventy-fire  thousand 
dollars  and  had  to  be  sold  as  a whole, 
aud  there  being  no  bidders  at  the  first  of- 
fer of  sale,  it  was  reappraised  and  offered 
again  by  the  sheriff,  but  without  secur- 
ing a bid. 

The  judgment  thus  created  came  from 
Clark  county  O.,  aud  stood  over  me  until 
after  the  work  on  the  road  was  com- 
menced iu  earnest  under  the  contract 
with  James  Henry,  Esq. 

As  a corroboration  of  the  foregoing 
remarks  iu  reference  to  the  trials  aud 
tribulations  as  above  set  forth,  I will 
here  give  an  extract  from  a letter  writ- 
ten by  S.  S.  L’Hommedieu,  Esq.,  presi- 
dent of  the  Cincinnati,  Hamilton  & 
Dayton  Railroad  Co.,  dared  Jan.  10, 
1865,  addressed  to  Robt.  H.  Berdell, 
Esq.,  president  of  the  Erie  R.  R.  Co., 
which  is  is  as  follows:  “For  a time 
much  attention  was  attracted  to  the 
proposed  new  road  (meaning  the  A.  & 
G.  W.  R.  R ) aud  handsome  subsorip 
tions  made  to  the  stock  at  Dayton  aud 
other  points.  But  the  zeal  of  its  friends 
wore  away,  aud  the  Erie  company  had 


enough  use  for  its  earnings  on  the  road 
already  built  aud  could  not  give  it  ma- 
terial aid.  For  years  the  project  slept, 
and  probably  would  not  have  again 
awakened  had  it  not  been  for  the  nurs- 
ing of  a few  such  men  as  Marvin  Kent, 
of  Frauklin  Mills,  O.”  By  the  above 
statement  you  can  realize  the  kind  of 
nurse  I was  at  that  time. 

As  a sample  of  the  opposition  incurred 
during  the  progress  of  this  work,  I here 
give  you  another  extract  from  the  same 
letter  which  is  as  follows  : “You  may 
judge  of  my  surprise  when  I was  sum- 
moned to  New  York  together  wit  h Gov. 
Deuuisou,  Judge  Swan,  A.  Stone,  L.  M. 
Hubby  and  W.  H.  Clement  in  the  latter 
part  of  March,  1863,  to  decide  the  em- 
barrassing question,  whether  our  road 
would  provide  for  the  Broad  or  Erie 
gauge  on  ‘our  tracks,  or  have  a great 
rival  line  along  side  of  us  from  the 
north-eastern  to  the  south-western  por- 
tion of  our  state,  connecting  with  a sim- 
ilar gauge  at  Cincinnati  for  St.  Louis. 

“When  I reached  the  Metropolitan 
Hotel  I found  all  of  the  experienced 
gentlemen  named,  in  deep  and  earnest 
conversation,  waiting  my  arrival.  The 
question  being  explained  to  me,  I was  at 
first  disposed  to  treat  it  as  a scare. 
Hubby  aud  Stone  looked  grave  and  won- 
derfully concerned  and  assured  me  it 
was  indeed  a reality,  aud  that  no  time 
was  to  be  lost  in  making  peace  with  Mr. 
Keunard,  the  representative  of  the  great 
broad  gauge,  who  could  command  all 
the  wealth  of  England  and  Spaiu. 

“The  president  of  the  Lake  Shore  road, 
Mr.  Stone, lost  no  time  in  making  a con- 
tract by  which  he  agreed  to  build  a 
branch  road  and  provide  or  extend  the 
broad  gauge  into  Cleveland. 

“Mr.  Hubby,  president  of  the  C , C.  & 
C.,  also  contracted  to  provide  the  broad 
gauge  from  Crestline  to  Springfield,  a 
distance  of  nearly  ninety  miles,  Messrs. 
Clements,  Swan  aud  Dennison  to  build 
it  from  thence  to  Daytou,  and  our  com- 
pany from  thence  to  Cincinnati.  All 
seemed  settled  The  friends  parted, 
each  one  feeling  that  he  had  passed 


through  a severe  storm  of  thuuder  and 
lightning  and  had  escaped  unhurt. 
Who  was  it  that  unsettled  this  grand 
program?  No  less  a personage  than 
that  indomitable  strong  headed  and 
strong  minded  Dean  Richmond, the  great 
competitor  of  the  Erie  company.  He 
said  to  Mr.  Stone,  you  must  back  square 
out  of  your  contract  with  the  A.  & G. 
W.  or  I will  build  another  road  from 
Erie  to  Cleveland ! Mr.  Stone  begged 
pardon  and  sought  and  obtained  release 
from  Mr.  Kenuard.  Our  friend,  Mr. 
Hubby,  president  of  the  C.,C.  & C.,  had 
submitted  his  part  of  the  program  to  the 
stockholders,  and  obtained  a formal 
vote  approving  the  same.  But  all  at 
once  a wonderful  change  came  over  his 
mind.  Whether  Dean  Richmond  or  the 
frightened  Amasa  Stone,  had  wrought 
a change  in  him  I am  not  advised.  He 
at  all  events  backed  out  and  urged  that 
his  friends  of  the  L.  M.  and  C.  & X. 
and  of  the  C.,  H.  & D.  should  do  the 
same,  declaring  the  whole  affair  of  the 
A & G.  W.  to  be  a humbug  and  a myth 
etc.,  etc/’ 

Mr.  L’Hommedieu  would  not  commit 
himself  to  this  arrangement  and  defer- 
red any  decision  until  after  having  an 
opportunity  of  full  conference  with  the 
president  of  the  Erie  company. 

This  New  York  meeting  was  a private 
one,  disconnected  with  any  official  of 
the  A.  & G.  W.  R.  R.,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  Mr.  Kennard.who  also  represent- 
ed the  European  parties.  But  in  some 
way  I was  informed  of  what  was  going 
on,  and  my  information  was  that  the  A. 
& G.  W.  road  would  be  built  to  Akron, 
O.,  and  there  end.  Thus  you  see  the 
immense  influence  and  opposition  with 
which  the  A.  & G.  W.  R.  R.  had  to 
contend,  which  was  in  this  case  a 
virtual  indorsement  of  the  great  import- 
ance of  the  road  by  the  greatest  railroad 
magnates  of  Ohio.  But  soon  after  this 
meeting,  Mr.  Kenuard  called  on  me  for 
more  bonds  in  payment  for  work,  at 
which  time  I informed  him  of  what  I 
had  heard  in  regard  to  terminating  the 
construction  of  the  work  at  Akron,  and 


that  he  had  already  been  paid  for  con- 
structing the  road  to  that  point.  Under 
these  circumstances  I did  not  feel  at  lib- 
erty to  comply  with  his  demands,  but 
intimated  to  him  that  when  he  com- 
menced work  west  of  Akron,  I would 
also  be  ready  to  fulfill  the  obligations  of 
the  company.  In  this  I was  supported 
by  a majority  of  the  board  of  directors, 
as  they  were  located  west  of  Akron  and 
were  unwilling  to  submit  to  auy  such 
arrangement  and  I assured  Mr.  Ken- 
nard  that  the  first  and  original  encour- 
agement, to  build  the  A.  & G.  W.  R.  R. 
came  from  points  west  of  Akron,  and 
that  I would  rather  loose  my  right  hand 
than  “go  back”  on  the  original  friends 
and  promotors  of  this  work.  Accord- 
ingly I was  soon  thereafter  called  to  New 
York  to  confer  with  Mr.  Kenuard  and 
European  agents  in  New  York,  where  I 
was  informed  that  conditional  arrange- 
ments had  been  made  to  proceed  with 
the  work  between  Akron  and  Dayton, 
O.  After  due  consultation,  I underwent 
a rigid  examination  as  to  the  condition 
and  affairs  of  the  A.  <k>  G.  W.  R.  R.  by 
the  attorney  delegated  to  make 
the  same.  All  being  found  satis- 
factory, one  million  dollars  of  the  first 
mortgage  bonds  of  the  company  was 
subscribed  for,  and  the  work  of  complet- 
ing the  road  progressed  more  rapidly 
than  ever. 

The  A.  & G.  W.  R.  R.  would  un- 
doubtedly have  been  completed  under 
the  original  contract  with  Henry 
Doolittle  at  an  early  date,  had  it  not 
been  for  the  obstacles  presented  in  my 
annual  report  made  July  12,  1860,  which 
is  herein  copied  as  follows : “Taking 
into  consideration  * * * the  fact 
that  several  bands  of  repudiators  com- 
bined probably  with  those  whose  inter- 
ests were  antagonistical  to  this  enter- 
prise and  their  determination  to  place 
every  obstacle  in  their  power  to  impede 
the  progress  of  the  work,  with  all  this 
formidable  array  of  opposition,  threaten- 
ing the  very  existence  of  the  project, 
the  Company  submitted  to  a very  con- 
siderable sacrifice  of  its  property  in 


the  sale  of  its  first  mortgage  bonds, 
which  were  at  this  time  contracted  at 
75  per  cent,  of  their  par  value,  and  sub- 
jecting the  company  to  the  payment  of 
extra  prices  for  the  construction  of  their 
road,  when  if  a different  policy  had 
been  pursued  on  the  part  of  those  who 
refused  to  pay  their  installments,  all 
these  great  losses  would  have  been  saved, 
and  the  contracts  for  the  sale  of  the 
bonds,  and  for  finishing  the  road,  would 
have  been  accomplished  on  much  more 
favorable  terms,  and  were  it  not  for  the 
state  of  things  herein  set  forth,  the 
bonds  would  no  doubt  have  brought  par 
for  the  unavailable  means  of  the  com- 
pany were  at  this  time  nearly  if  not 
quite  ample  for  preparing  the  road-bed 
for  the  superstructure.  This  being  con- 
sidered a good  and  sufficient  basis  for  a 
first-class  road  to  ensure  the  par  value 
of  the  first  mortgage  bonds,  and  yet 
after  all,  the  cost  of  the  work  does  not 
effect  the  character  of  the  road  in  a 
business  point  of  view,  yet  it  effects  the 
stock  and,  of  course  the  dividends.” 

Mr.  Doolittle,  the  contractor,  who  by 
the  contract,  was  to  be  paid  in  stocks 
and  bonds  of  the  company,  being  de- 
sirous of  securing  the  aid  of  his  friend 
and  relative,  Mr.  C.  L.  Ward,  of  To- 
wanda,  Pa.,  a gentleman  who  had  con- 
siderable experience  in  railroad 
matters,  and  wishing  him  to  be  author- 
ized to  act  officially  for  the  railroad  com- 
pany, I resigned  the  presidency  on  April 
22, 1856,  at  which  time  Mr.  Ward  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  board  of  directors,  my 
successor.  Accordingly  President  Ward, 
Mr.  Doolittle  and  A.  C.  Morton,  an  en- 
gineer, were  appointed  a committee  by 
the  board  of  directois  to  negotiate  the 
sale  of  bonds  of  the  company  for  iron 
rails  and  money.  They  accordingly 
visited  Europe  for  that  purpose,  but 
failed  to  complete  a contract,  and  on 
their  return,  my  annual  report  made  to 
the  stockholders  July,  1860,  stated  : “At 
this  juncture  in  the  affairs  of  the  com- 
pany, information  was  communicated  of 
the  probable  manner  by  which  means 
could  be  procured  and  explanations  and 


offers  were  made  by  Mr.  Doolittle  to 
enter  into  a second  contract,  on  terms 
that  would  ensure  the  construction  of 
the  work.” 

A second  contract  was  therefore  en- 
tered into  with  Mr.  Doolittle.  This  be- 
ing accorded  to  him,  the  same  commit- 
tee again  sailed  for  Europe,  and  this 
time  they  were  successful  in  closing  a 
contract  with  James  McHenry,  Esq.,  of 
Liverpool,  Eng.,  for  iron  rails  and  mon- 
ey sufficient  to  complete  the  road,  which 
contract  was  made  and  dated  in  August 
1858.  And  in  about  a year  thereafter  I 
was  again  solicited  to  accept  the  presi- 
dency of  the  road,  and  accordingly  at 
the  annual  meetiug  of  the  stockholders, 
held  July  12,  1859,  I was  again  elected 
president  and  was  also  re-elected  in 
1860,1861,  1862,  1863  and  in  1864  and 
was  continued  in  that  office  until  Sept. 
30,  1864,  when  I resigued  in  favor  of 
James  Robb,  who  resigned  Dec.  31,  1864, 
and  on  Jan.  25,  1865,  he  was  succeeded 
by  S.  S.  L’Hommedieu,  of  Cincinnati, 
O.,  who  was  at  This  time  president  of 
the  C.,  H.  & D.  R.  R. 

But  notwithstanding  a contract  was 
entered  into  in  August,  1858,  and  a par- 
tial compliance  with  the  terms  of  the 
contract  was  made,  the  work  of 
construction  was  again  delayed,  which 
was  explained  in  my  annual  report  to 
the  stockholders  July  12,  1861,  as  fol- 
lows: “The  contracting  parties  in 
Europe  were  to  furnish  cash  and  iron 
rails  for  the  entire  road  from  the  Penn- 
sylvania line  to  Dayton,  O.,  as  well  as 
for  the  two  links  in  the  state  of  Pa.  and 
N.  Y.  They  had  already  furnished  por- 
tions of  these  payments,  a part  of  which 
were  not  satisfactorily  applied  to  the  le- 
gitimate objects  of  the  work. 

This  caused  a cessation  of  - the  work. 
Matters  were  however  arranged,  and 
the  work  again  commenced  and  seemed 
that  nothing  could  prevent  the  early  com- 
pletion of  the  road. 

At  this  juncture  we  were  checked  in 
our  progress  by  the  death  of  our  prin- 
cipal contractor,  Henry  Doolittle,  who 
departed  this  life  Aug.  19,  1860,  at  San 


Antonio,  Texas.  In  consequence  of 
which,  after  a full  consideration  of  all 
our  relations  with  the  contractors  and 
contracting  parties,  it  was  deemed  ad- 
visable to  enter  into  new  contracts  with 
the  European  parties  direct,  which  ar- 
rangement was  eonsumated  March  1, 
1861,  and  the  work  was  again  commenc- 
ed on  the  first  day  of  June  1861,  there- 
after. 

But  there  were  still  obstacles  which 
delayed  the  work,  not  apparent  to  the 
officers  or  managers  here,  and  it  was 
thought  advisable  to  call  a meeting  of 
the  board  of  directors,  and  accordingly 
a meeting  was  held  Sept  27,  1861,  for 
the  purpose  of  adopting  such  measures 
as  were  thought  expedient  to  ascer- 
tain the  cause  of  the  delay.  According- 
ly T.  W.  Keunard,  Henry  A.  Kent,  of 
New  York,  and  Wm.  Reynolds,  of 
Meadville,  Pa.,  were  appointed  a com- 
mittee to  proceed  to  Europe  to  make 
such  investigations  as  might  seem  to  be 
necessary  in  the  premises. 

These  gentlemen  accepted  the  trust 
and  sailed  about  the  10th  of  October, 
1861,  and  visited  the  cities  of  Paris,  Lon- 
don and  Madrid,  and  obtained  full  in- 
terview with  the  parties  directly  and 
indirectly  interested  iu  the  contract  and 
construction  of  the  work,  and  being  in- 
vested with  full  authority  to  act,  were 
enabled  to  perfect  all  former  arrange- 
ments, and  to  make  such  further  ones 
as  to  ensure  the  immediate  and  rapid 
prosecution  of  the  work. 

But  here  another  trouble  arose,  wrhich 
it  was  feared  for  a time  would  indefi- 
nitely postpone,  if  not  entirely  defeat 
all  our  plans.  We  allude  to  the  difficul- 
ty which  sprung  up  between  the  United 
States  and  the  British  Government,  in 
regard  to  the  steamship  Trent. 

War  between  these  two  powers  seem- 
ed imminent.  Amicable  relations  how- 
ever, were  soon  restored.  But  this 
affair  caused  considerable  delay,  so  that 
the  work  was  not  energetically  resumed 
until  the  spring  of  1862. 

Yet  the  road  was  opened  to  Ravenna, 
O.,  in  January,  1863,  and  the  first  pas- 


senger train  was  run  from  New  York  to 
Kent  (then  Franklin,)  March  7,  1863,. 
and  about  a month  thereafter  to  Akron, 
O.,  and  on  the  21st  day  of  June,  1864, 
the  track  was  laid  to  Dayton,  O.,  at 
which  time  I assisted  in  laying  the  last 
rail,  and  drove  the  very  last  spike,  when 
it  was  all  hurrah,  hurrah,  many  times 
over.  Thus  the  last  rail  was  laid,  and 
the  last  spike  driven,  with  appropriate 
ceremonies,  which  completed  the  road 
to  Dayton,  O.,  its  western  terminus. 

In  conclusion,  allow  me  to  explain 
that  many  prominent  railroad  men  have 
desired  to  have  written  for  publication, 
a full  history  of  the  inception,  projec- 
tion, and  inauguration  of  the  A.  & G. 
W.  R.  R.,  and  I have  also  desired  it, 
and  had  expected  through  the  co-opera- 
tion of  the  lamented  E.  P.  Brainard, 
Esq.,  a faithful  and  untiring  official  of 
the  A.  & G.  W.,  to  compile  a full  his- 
tory of  the  great  work.  But  all  of  my 
time  having  been  occupied  in  other  im- 
portant matters,  I have  neglected  and 
procrastinated  applying  myself  to  the 
task.  But  in  this  paper  I have  after 
careful  investigation  and  application 
gathered  together  a synopsis  of  import- 
ant events,  transpiring  and  relating  to 
the  inception,  progress  and  completion 
of  the  work,  down  to  the  year  1865.  In 
commemoration  of  which  and  the  opera- 
ting of  the  road  you  have  gathered  to- 
gether to-day  to  celebrate,  and  I thank 
you  all  for  the  privilege  of  reading  this 
paper,  and  more  particularly  for 
the  compliment  which  you  have  be- 
stowed upon  the  originator  and  pro- 
motors of  the  old  A.  & G.  W.  road  in 
celebrating  the  49th  anniversary  of  its 
inception,  which  to-day  employs  5000 
men  or  more  on  the  main  line  between 
Dayton,  O.,  and  Salamanca,  N.  Y.,and 
another  1000  men  on  the  Mahoning 
branch,  most  of  whom,  as  a result  of  the 
efforts  herein  set  forth,  are  doubtless  in 
a prosperous  condition,  which  gives  in- 
expressible gratification  to  the  originator 
of  the  A.  & G.  W.  All  of  which  is 
Respectfully  Submitted, 

Marvin  Kent. 


LIST  OF 


DIRECTORS  AND  OFFICERS 

OF  THE 

Franklin  & Warren  R.  R,  Co. 


For  1 85 1 and  1852. 


Zenas  Kent, 
Sylvester  Huggins, 
L.  J.  Iddings, 


DIRECTORS. 

Franklin,  O Marvin  Kent, 

Franklin,  O William  Porter, 

Warren,  O Daniel  Upson, 

Fredrick  Whipple,  Franklin,  O 

OFFICERS. 

Marvin  Kent,  President,  Franklin,  O | J.  W.  Tyler,  Secretary, 
Zenas  Kent,  Treasurer,  Franklin,  O. 

For  1853. 


Franklin,  O 
Newton  Falls,  O 
Tallin  ad  ge,  O 


Franklin,  O 


Daniel  Beckel, 
Valentine  Winters, 
Daniel  Upson, 


Marvin  Kent, 
Samuel  H.  Kueass, 
Zenas  Kent, 


Marvin  Kent, 
Thomas  Earl, 
Zenas  Keut, 


Marvin  Kent, 
Joel  W.  Tyler, 


DIRECTORS. 

Dayton,  O j Bela  B.  Clarke, 
Dayton,  O Zenas  Kent, 
Tallmadge,  O • Thomas  Earl, 
Marvin  Kent,  Franklin,  O. 
OFFICERS. 

President  j Joel  W.  Tyler, 
Chief  Engineer  i Thomas  Earl, 
Treasurer  ' B.  F.  Roberts, 

For  1854. 

DIRECTORS. 

Franklin,  O I Daniel  Upson, 
Franklin,  O I Jacob  Allen, 
Franklin,  O I Bela  B.  Clarke, 
Daniel  Beckel,  Dayton,  O. 

OFFICERS. 

President  I Zenas  Kent,  * 
Secretary  i E.  P.  Brainard, 
D.  C.  Shepard,  Chief  Engineer. 


Ashland,  O 
Franklin,  O 
Franklin,  O 


Secretary 
Cor.  Secretary 
Gen.  Agent 


Tallmadge,  O 
Akron,  O 
Ashland,  O 


Treasurer 
Acting  Treasurer 


For  1855. 

Atlantic  & Great  Western  R.  R.  Co. 


Mathew  Birchard, 
William  Coolman, 
Marvin  Kent, 
Thomas  Earl, 
Lucius  V.  Bierce, 
John  Pardee, 

Marvin  Kent, 

Joel  W.  Tyler, 


DIRECTORS. 

Warren,  O Bela  B.  Clarke, 
Jacob  Riblett, 

W.  W.  Conclin, 
Joseph  C.  Brand, 
Daniel  Beckel, 
George  Carlisle, 


Ravenna,  O 
Franklin,  O 
Franklin,  O 
Akron,  O 
Wadsworth,  O 


OFFICERS. 


President 

Secretary 


E.  P.  Brainard, 
D.  C Shepard, 


Ashland,  O 
Galiou,  O 
Marion,  O 
Urbana,  O 
Dayton,  O 
Cincinnati,  O 

Treasurer 
Chief  Engineer 


For  1856. 


DIRECTORS. 


C.  L.  Ward, 

Towanda,  Pa 

Bela  B.  Clark, 

Ashland,  O 

L.  V.  Bierce, 

Akron,  0 

Wm.  Bushnell, 

Mansfield,  O 

Marvin  Kent, 

Franklin,  O 

W.  W.  Conclin, 

Marion,  O 

Mathew  Birchard, 

Warren,  0 

Jacob  Riblet, 

Galion,  O 

Wm.  Coolman, 

Ravenna,  0 

George  Carlisle, 

Cincinnati,  O 

John  Pardee, 

Wadsworth,  O 

Joseph  C.  Brand, 

Urban  a,  O 

Homer  Ramsdell,  New  York. 

OFFICERS. 

C.  L.  Ward, 

President  | L.  V.  Bierce, 

Vice  President 

J.  W.  Tyler, 

Secretary  | E.  P.  Braiuard, 

Treasurer 

ENGINEERS. 

D.  0.  Coolman, 

Principal  | Joseph  Hill,  Jr., 

1st  Assistant 

w 


O.  L.  Ward, 
Mathew  Birchard, 
Jacob  Riblet, 


C.  L.  Ward, 
Wm.  Coolman, 


C.  L.  Ward, 
Marvin.  Kent, 
L.  V.  Bierce, 


COLLECTORS. 

L.  Holden,  Joseph  Loomis. 

For  1857. 

DIRECTORS. 

L.  V.  Bierce  Joseph  C.  Brand, 
John  Pardee  Wm.  Bushnell, 

W.  W.  Conclin  Marvin  Kent, 

Wm.  Coolman. 

OFFICERS. 

President  E.  P.  Braiuard, 
Vice  President  | J.  W.  Tyler, 

D.  C.  Coolman,  Chief  Engineer. 

For  1858. 

DIRECTORS. 


Wm.  Coolman 
M.  Birchard 
John  Pardee 


B.  B.  Clark, 

J Riblet, 
Geo.  Carlisle, 


George  Carlisle 
Homer  Ramsdell 
Bela  B.  Clark 


Treasurer 

Secretary 


Wm.  Bushnell 
J.  C.  Brand 
Seth  Hayes 


J.  H Chamberlain. 

OFFICERS. 

President  i James  M.  Ward, 

Vice  President  E.  P.  Braiuard, 

EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE. 

Wm.  Coolman  | Wm.  Bushnell, 

Marvin  Kent. 

For  1859. 

DIRECTORS. 

John  Dick  Marvin  Kent, 

Geo.  Wright  Peter  Thatcher, 

Seth  Hayes  James  Coffinbury, 

Ezra  B.  Taylor. 

OFFICERS. 

President  | F.  W.  Seymour, 

E.  P.  Braiuard,  Treas.  and  Acting  Sec. 

B.  B.  Clark  died  Aug.  21,  1859,  and  J.  S.  Huber  refused  to  serve  as  Director 
and  Thos.  J.  S.  Smith  and  Jacob  Riblet  were  appointed  April  17,  18G0,  to  fill 
vacancies. 


C.  L.  Ward, 
Marvin.  Kent, 

C.  L.  Ward 


G.  Church, 

J.  S.  Huber, 
Wm.  Reynolds 


Marvin  Kent, 


Secretary 

Treasurer 

J.  H.  Chamberlain 


B.  B.  Clark 
H.  Chamberlain 
F.  W.  Seymour 


Secretary 


Nathaniel  Marsh, 
G.  Church, 

F.  W.  Seymour, 


Marvin  Kent, 


Marvin  Kent, 
John  Dick, 
Seth  Hayes, 


For  1860. 

DIRECTORS. 

John  Dick  Ezra  B.  Taylor, 
Win.  Reynolds  J.  H.  Chamberlain, 
Seth  Hayes  J.  M.  Coffinbury, 
Thomas  J.  S.  Smith. 

OFFICERS. 

President — E.  P.  Brainard, 

F.  W.  Seymour,  Secretary. 

For  X S 61. 

DIRECTORS. 


Wm.  Reynolds 
G.  Church 
F.  W.  Seymour 


Ezra  B.  Taylor, 
Peter  Thatcher, 
Jacob  Riblet, 


Marvin  Kent 
Peter  Thatcher 
Jacob  Riblet 


Treas.  & Acting  Sec 


J.  H.  Chamberlain 
Thos.  J S.  Smith 
Wm.  Bushnell 


Marvin  Kent, 


Jacob  Crall. 

OFFICERS. 

President  | F.  W.  Seymour, 

E.  P.  Brainard,  Treasurer  and  Acting  Secretary. 

For  1862. 

DIRECTORS. 


Secretary 


Marvin  Kent, 

Franklin,  O 

Wm.  Bushnell, 

Mansfield,  O 

Wm.  Reynolds, 

Meadville,  Pa 

F.  W.  Seymour, 

Ravenna,  0 

F.  W.  Upson, 

Akron,  O 

Jacob  Riblet, 

Galion,  O 

G.  Church, 

Meadville,  Pa 

T.  J.  S.  Smith, 

Dayton,  O 

Orlando  Beach, 

Wadsworth,  0 

J.  H.  Chamberlain, 

Akron,  O 

Seth  Hayes, 

Hartford,  0 

Jacob  Crall, 

Ashland,  0 

Marvin  Kent, 

E.  B.  Taylor,  Warren,  O. 

OFFICERS. 

President  | F.  W.  Seymour, 

Secretary 

E.  P. 

Marvin  Kent, 

Brainard,  Treasurer  and  Acting  Secretary. 
EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE. 

Gaylord  Church  | Wm.  Reynolds,  F. 

W.  Seymour 

Ezra  B.  Taylor 

F.  W.  Seymour  resigned  as  Secretary  Nov.  7,  1362, 
pointed  to  fill  vacancy. 


and  J.  W.  Tyler  was  ap- 


For  1863, 

DIRECTORS. 


Marvin  Kent, 
Alex  McAndrew, 
T.  W.  Kennard, 
Samuel  Wann, 
Charles  Seaton, 
G.  Church, 


Franklin,  O 
New  York 
New  York 
New  York 
New  York 
Meadville,  Pa 
J.  H.  R.  Rose 

OFFICERS. 

Marvin  Kent,  President,  Franklin,  O I E.  P.  Brainerd,  Treas., 

T.  W.  Kennard,  Vice  Pres.,  New  York  j Wm.  H.  Grout,  Asst.  Sec. 
J.  W.  Tyler,  Secretary,  Warren,  O 'Wm,  H.  Upson,  Attorney 


J.  W.  Tyler, 

Wm.  Reynolds, 

J.  H.  Chamberlain, 
Jacob  Crall, 

S.  L.  M.  Barlow, 
Wm.  H.  Upson, 
Cleveland,  O. 


Warren,  O 
Meadville,  Pa 
Akron,  O 
Ashland,  O 
New  York 
Akron,  O 


Ravenna,  O 
Franklin,  O 
Akron,  O 


Marvin  Kent, 

T.  W.  Kennard, 

S.  S.  L’Hommedieu 
John  Sherman, 

J.  H.  Chamberlain, 
J.  W.  Tyler, 


For  1864, 


DIRECTORS. 


Kent,  O 
New  York 
Cincinnati,  O 
Mansfield,  O 
Akron,  O 
Warren,  O 


Wm.  Reynolds, 
Win.  H.  Upson, 
Jacob  Crall, 

J.  H.  R.  Rose, 
Jacob  Riblet, 

G.  Church, 


Samuel  Wann,  New  York. 


Meadville,  Pa 
Akron,  O 
Ashland,  O 
Cleveland,  O 
Galion,  O 
Meadville,  Pa 


OFFICERS. 

Marvin  Kent,  President,  Kent,  O I E.  P.  Brainard,  Treas.,  Ravenna,  O 

T.  W.  Kennard,  Vice  Pres.,  New  York  Wm.  H.  Grout,  Asst.  Sec.,  Kent,  O 

J.  W.  Tyler,  Secretary,  Warren,  O Wm.  H.  Upson,  Attorney,  Akron,  O 


Sept.  30,  1864,  Marvin  Kent  and  T.  W.  Kennard  resigned  as  President  and 
Vice  President  and  James  Robb  was  elected  President  and  Marvin  Kent,  Vice 
President. 

Wm.  Reynolds  resigned  as  Director  and  E.  P.  Brainard  resigned  as  Treasurer, 
Dec.  2,  1864,  to  take  effect  Jan  1,  1865,  and  J.  M.  Dick  was  appointed  Treasurer 
and  E.  P.  Brainard,  Assistant  Treasurer,  to  take  effect  Jan.  1,  1865.  E.  P.  Brain- 
ard was  appointed  Director  in  place  of  Wm.  Reynolds,  resigned,  Dec.  27,  1864. 

Dec.  31,  1864,  James  Robb  resigned  as  President  and  Director. 

Jan.  3,  1865,  Wm.  H.  Upson  as  Attorney  and  Director  resigned  and  at  the 
same  time  J.  H.  Chamberlain  resigned  as  Director.  O.  L.  Wolcott  was  appointed 
Director,  Jan.  3,  1865,  in  place  of  James  Robb,  resigned. 

Jau.  25,  1865,  S.  S.  L’Hommedieu  was  elected  President  of  the  A.  & G.  W. 
R.  R.  of  Ohio,  and  A.  & G.  W.  R.  R.  Co.  in  New  York.  Daniel  McLaren  ap- 
pointed General  Superintendent,  Jan.  26,  1865,  and  J.  W.  Tyler,  Attorney. 

Jan.  16,  1865,  Daniel  McLaren  and  Wm.  G.  Hamilton  were  appointed  Direc- 
tors in  place  of  Wm,  H.  Upson  and  J.  H.  Chamberlain,  resigned. 

For  1865. 


DIRECTORS. 


T.  W.  Kennard, 

New  York 

E.  P.  Brainard. 

Ravenna,  O 

S.  S.  L’Hommedieu, 

Cincinnati,  O 

G.  Church, 

Meadville,  Pa 

J.  W.  Tyler, 

Warren,  O 

Daniel  McLaren, 

Cincinnati,  O 

Marvin  Kent, 

Kent,  0 

W.  G.  Hamilton, 

New  York 

Jacob  Riblet, 

Galion,  0 

J.  H.  R.  Rose, 

Cleveland,  O 

O.  L.  Wolcott, 

Warren,  O 

Jacob  Crall, 

Ashland,  0 

John  Sherman,  Mansfield,  O. 

OFFICERS. 

S.  S.  L’Hommedieu,  Pres., 

Cincinnati,  O 

E.  P.  Brainard,  Treas., 

Ravenna,  O 

Marvin  Kent,  Vice  Pres., 

Kent,  O 

J.  W.  Tyler,  Attorney, 

Warren,  O 

Wm.  H.  Grout,  Sec., 

Kent,  0 

Daniel  McLaren,  Gen.  Supt,  Cincinnati 

The  Atlantic  & Great  Western  Railway  Companies, 

Being  represented  by  three  companies,  one  in  each  of  the  states  of  Ohio,  Penn- 
sylvania and  New  York,  agreements  were  entered  into  so  far  uniting  them  as  the 
laws  of  the  different  states  would  admit,  and  for  the  purpose  of  devising  plans  for 


operating  the  three  roads  for  the  mutual  benefit  of  each.  The  three  Boards  of 
Directors  met  at  Meadville  on  the  6th  day  of  March,  1863,  when  the  plan  of  creat- 
ing a Central  Board  was  adopted,  consisting  of  two  directors  of  each  company, 
and  T.  W.  Kennard,  Esq.,  consiituted  an  additional  member  as  being  equally 
interested  for  each  of  the  three  companies. 

The  committee  appointed  to  represent  the  Ohio  board  were  Marvin  Kent  and 
W.  S.  Streator ; those  representing  the  Pennsylvania  board  were  John  Dick  and 
J.  J.  Shryock,  and  those  representing  the  New  York  board  were  Wm.  Reynolds 
and  A.  F.  Allen, 

OFFICERS. 

Wm.  Reynolds,  Chairman  | J.  M.  Dick,  Secretary  and  Treasurer 

J.  C.  Calhoun,  Auditor 


. OFFICERS  IN  CHARGE  OF  THE  LINE  AND  DEPARTMENTS. 

H.  F.  Sweetser,  General  Superintendent,  Meadville,  Pa 

*0.  S.  Lyford,  Division  Superintendent,  Meadville,  Pa 

J.  Farnsworth,  General  Freight  Agent,  Cleveland,  O 

T.  H.  Goodman,  General  Ticket  Agent,  Cleveland,  O 

J.  H.  R.  Rose,  Resident  Engineer,  Cleveland,  O 

Frank  W.  Cummings,  Sup’t  Locomotive  and  Car  Departments,  Meadville,  Pa 
D.  B.  Bostwick,  Sup’t  Bridges  and  Buildings,  Ravenna,  O 

C.  W.  Bradley,  Sup’t  of  Telegraph,  Meadville,  Pa 


*For  the  year  1865,  O.  S.  Lyford  was  appointed  General  Assistant  Superin- 
tendent and  Division  Superintendent  First  and  Second  Divisions,  Meadville,  Pa., 
aud  for  the  year  1865,  D.  C.  Coolman  was  appointed  Resident  Engineer  Third  and 
Fourth  Divisions,  Ravenna,  O. 


LOCAL  ORGANIZATIONS 


Directors  and  Officers  for  18G3-64. 


Win.  Reynolds 
A.  F.  Allen, 
Wm.  Hall, 

W.  D.  Shaw, 

S.  E.  Marvin, 
,T.  J.  Shryock, 


Atlantic  & Great  Western  Railway  Company  in  New  York. 
Time  of  Election — Jourth  cMonday  in  cMay. 
directors. 

Meadville,  Pa  l T.  W.  Kennard, 


Nathaniel  Marsh, 
S.  L.  M.  Barlow, 
Marvin  Kent, 

W.  S.  Streator, 
John  Dick, 


New  York 
New  York 
New  York 
Franklin,  O 
Cleveland,  O 
Meadville,  Pa 


Jamestown,  N 
Jamestown,  N Y 
Jamestown,  N Y 
Jamestown,  N Y 
Meadville,  Pa 
Wm.  Thorp,  Meadville,  Pa 

OFFICERS. 

Wm.  Reynolds,  President,  Meadville,  Pa 

W.  A.  Bradshaw,  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  Jamestown,  N Y 

Local  Office  of  the  Company,  - - Jamestown,  N.  Y. 

Atlantic  & Great  Western  Railway  Company  of  Pennsylvania. 

Time  of  Election — Second  Monday  in  January . 

DIRECTORS. 

Wm.  Reynolds,  Meadville,  Pa  T.  W.  Kennard,  New  York 

G.  Church,  Meadville,  Pa  O.  E.  E.  Blakesley,  New  York 

J.  J.  Shryock,  Meadville,  Pa  Samuel  Wann,  New  York 

John  Dick,  Meadville,  Pa  J.  H.  R.  Rose,  Cleveland,  O 

John  McFarland,  Meadville,  Pa  Marviu  Kent,  Franklin,  O 

O.  Hastings,  Meadville,  Pa  G.  A.  Bittenbanner,  Greenville,  Pa 

A.  W.  Mumfdrd,  Meadville,  Pa. 

OFFICERS. 

Wm.  Reynolds,  President,  Meadville,  Pa 

T.  W.  Kennard,  Vice-President,  New  York 

William  Thorp,  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  Meadville,  Pa 

Local  Office  of  the  Company,  - - Meadville,  Ta. 


Marvin  Kent, 

J.  W.  Tyler, 

W.  H.  Upson, 
Jacob  Crall, 

J.  H.  R.  Rose, 
Wm.  Reynolds, 


Atlantic  & Great  Western  Railway  Company — Ohio. 
Time  of  Election— Second  Tuesday  in  July . 
DIRECTORS. 


Frankliu,  O 
Warren,  O 
Akron,  O 
Ashland,  O 
Cleveland,  O. 
Meadville,  Pa 


T.  W.  Kennard, 
Alex.  McAndrew, 
Samuel  Wann, 
Chas.  Seaton, 

S.  L.  M.  Barlow, 

J.  H.  Chamberlain, 


G.  Church,  Meadville,  Pa 


OFFICERS. 

Marvin  Kent,  President,  Franklin,  O 
T.  W.  Kennard,  Vice-President,  New  York 
E.  P.  Brainard,  Treasurer,  Franklin,  O 
Joel  W.  Tyler,  Secretary,  Warren,  O 
W.  H.  Grout,  Assistant  Secretary,  Frankliu,  O 


Local  Office  of  the  Company,  - - Franklin,  0. 


New  York 
New  York 
New  York 
New  York 
New  York 
New  York 


